Term
|
Definition
|
Module
|
| 1-PAM
matrix |
A
matrix with column and row headings of the amino acids where entries
represent the amount of evolution over one PAM period of time, or for
one mutation per hundred amino acids |
Searching
Genomic Databases |
| 250-PAM
matrix |
Contains
scoring information on the amount of evolution over 250 PAM periods of
time |
Searching
Genomic Databases |
| 3-mers
(or words) |
|
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
|
| absolute
error |
The
difference between the exact answer and the computer answer |
Error:
Round-Off Error in Loops |
|
absolute value |
|
Skydiving |
| absorbing
boundary conditions |
|
Spreading
of Fire and Disease |
|
absorption |
|
Drug Dosage |
|
acceleration due to gravity |
|
Skydiving |
| accepting
state (or final state) |
|
Searching
Genomic Databases |
| adenine
(A) |
One
of the nucleic acids of DNA |
Genomic
Data |
|
ADP |
adenosine diphosphate |
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
aerobic cells |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
| alignment |
When
two DNA sequences have spaces in the sequences so that they are of the
same length, but so that a space in one sequence is not in the same
position as a space in the other sequence. |
Genomic
Sequence Comparison |
| alleles |
|
Genomic
Data |
| amino
acids |
|
Genomic
Data |
|
anchor |
|
Pendulum Motion |
|
angular acceleration |
|
Pendulum Motion |
| Anopheles
mosquito |
Mosquito that transmits Plasmodium,
which is the protozoan that causes malaria |
Modeling
Malaria |
|
antiderivative |
F is an
antiderivative of f if F'(t) = f(t), or the derivative of F is f. |
Integral
Calculus |
| applet |
A
program that can run within a Java-compatible browser |
Java
for C++ Programmers |
| ASCII
file |
Text
file that is not a web page |
CGI
Programs and Web Forms |
| atomic |
An
adjective for a value that is indivisible |
Relational
Databases |
|
ATP |
adenosine triphosphate |
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
ATP synthase particles |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
| attribute |
Corresponds
to a column in a relation |
Introduction
to Databases |
| attribute
(of an entity) |
A
particular property of an entity that describes the entity |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
| attribute
domain |
The
set of all possible values of an attribute |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
average velocity, or average rate of change of s with respect to t |
Suppose s(t) is the position of an object at time t, where a ≤ t ≤ b. The average velocity, or average rate of change of s with respect to t, of the object from time a to time b is:
average velocity = (change in position) / (change in time) = (s(b) - s(a))
/ (b - a) |
Differential Calculus |
|
|
| back
single quote |
|
Mathematical
Tutorial 2 |
|
Barnes-Hut Algorithm |
|
Parallel Algorithms |
| base
2 number system (or binary system) |
A
system that has two digits, 0 and 1. By reading a binary integer from
right to left, the bit gives the number of units |
Error:
Integer Storage |
| base
pairs (bp) |
The
length of a DNA module |
Genomic
Data |
| bases
(or nucleic acids) |
|
Genomic
Data |
| binary |
An
adjective that describes the relationship type when two entity types
participate |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
| binary
system (or base 2 number system) |
A
system that has two digits, 0 and 1. By reading a binary integer from
right to left, the bit gives the number of units |
Error:
Integer Storage |
| bioinformatics |
Deals
with the organization of biological data, such as in databases, and the
analysis of such data |
Genomic
Data |
| boolean |
A
primitive type that has the two values, true and false |
Java
for C++ Programmers |
|
Box-Muller-Gauss Method |
|
Problem
Distribution |
| Brownian
Motion |
The
behavior of a molecule suspended in a liquid |
Random
Walk |
| byte |
A
sequence of bits that can encode a character |
Error:
Integer Storage |
| bytecode |
Platform-independent
code translated from source code that a Java runtime system can
interpret |
Java
for C++ Programmers |
|
|
| call
by value (or pass by value) |
A
method of passing information to a function whereby the parameter
receives a copy of the value of the argument |
From
C++ to C |
| candidate
key |
A
superkey in which no proper subset is a superkey |
Relational
Databases |
|
carbohydrates |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
carbon
dating |
Uses
the amount of carbon-14 in an object to estimate the age of an object |
Unconstrained
Growth & Decay |
| cardinal
constraint |
Numeric
restriction on the possible relationship |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
| carrying
capacity |
Limit
on the maximum number of individuals that can be supported in a
population |
Modeling
Malaria
Constrained
Growth |
| Cartesian
product (or cross product) |
The
set of all ordered n-tuples or tuples where each coordinate comes from
the corresponding set |
Relational
Databases |
|
central processing unit(CPU) |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
|
coenzymes |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
| Common Gateway
Interface program (CGI program) |
A
dynamic program that executes in real time. |
CGI
Programs and Web Forms |
| CGI
query string |
|
CGI
Programs and Web Forms |
| chromosomes |
Very
long DNA molecules |
Genomic
Data |
|
clustering |
|
Parallel
Algorithms |
| codon |
A
triplet of nucleotides that specifies an amino acid |
Genomic
Data |
|
coefficient of drag (or drag coefficient) |
|
Skydiving |
| complement |
The
opposite value, 0 or 1, of a bit |
Error:
Integer Arithmetic |
| complementary
bases |
|
Genomic
Data |
| complements |
|
Genomic
Data |
|
component-wise |
|
Parallel
Algorithms |
| composite
attribute |
Multiple
components that each have an independent existence |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
| composite
key |
A
key that consists of several attributes |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
compound condition |
|
Stella Tutorial 2 |
|
computer
simulation |
Having
a computer program imitate reality in order to study situations and make
decisions |
Monte
Carlo Simulations |
|
concentration |
|
Drug Dosage |
| conceptual
level |
The
part of a database that describes the logical structure of the entire
database, including descriptions of the data and relationships amongst
the data |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
concurrent processing |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
|
connector |
Transmits
an input or an output |
STELLA
Tutorial |
| constrained
growth |
Growth
in a population with a carrying capacity; can be modeled with a logistic
equation |
Modeling
Malaria |
| content-type
descriptor |
|
CGI
Programs and Web Forms |
|
continuous distribution |
|
Problem
Distribution |
|
continuous
growth rate |
|
Unconstrained
Growth & Decay |
|
convective currents |
|
Solidification |
| conversion
specification |
Specifies
to what notation the computer should convert a value for input or output
operations |
From
C++ to C |
|
course granularity |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
| cross
product (or Cartesian product) |
The
set of all ordered n-tuples or tuples where each coordinate comes from
the corresponding set |
Relational
Databases |
| cytosine
(C ) |
One
of the nucleic acids of DNA |
Genomic
Data |
|
|
| data
definition language (DDL) |
Designs
and maintains the database |
Introduction
to Databases |
| data
dependence |
Occurs
when the format of the data storage is dependent upon the application
program |
Introduction
to Databases |
| data
inconsistency |
The
occurrence when two or more files have the same data stored in different
formats or if data must be matched between files. |
Introduction
to Databases |
| data
integrity |
The
assurance that data is correct |
Introduction
to Databases |
| data
manipulation language (DML) |
Accesses
and updates data in the database (also known as query language) |
Introduction
to Databases |
|
data partition |
|
Parallel
Algorithms |
| data
security |
Refers
to data being protected so that only authorized personnel can access
them |
Introduction
to Databases |
| database |
An
integrated collection of files |
Introduction
to Databases |
| database
management system (DBMS) |
A
database software that contains two major functional parts, a data
manipulation language (DML) or query language and a data definition
language |
Introduction
to Databases |
|
decay
constant (or disintegration constant) |
|
Radioactive
Chains |
|
definite integral |
see
module |
Integral
Calculus |
| degree |
The
number of entity types that participate |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
dehydrogenases |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
dendrites |
|
Solidification |
|
density function |
|
Problem
Distribution |
|
dependent
variables |
The
variable which depends on others |
Modeling
Process |
|
derivative |
|
Differential Calculus |
|
derivative of y = s(t) with respect to t |
see
module for formulas |
Differential Calculus |
|
deterministic
behavior |
A
system in which we are modeling exhibits this type of behavior if no
random effects are exhibited or if no elements of chance exist |
Modeling
Process |
| deterministic finite
automaton (DFA) |
(also
known as a finite state machine) |
Searching
Genomic Databases |
| difference |
A
relation consisting of the tuples that appear in one relation but not
the other |
Relational
Databases |
|
differentiable |
If the
derivative of s exists at a, we say the function is
differentiable at a. |
Differential Calculus |
|
differential calculus |
|
Differential Calculus |
|
differential
equation |
An
equation that contains a derivative |
Unconstrained
Growth & Decay |
|
differentiation |
finding
the derivative |
Integral
Calculus |
|
direction of the force |
The unit direction vector from (x1,
y1, z1) to (x2, y2,
z2), or direction of the force on Body 1 by Body 2
at those points, respectively, is as follows:
d =  , where r =  is the
distance between the points. |
Parallel
Algorithms |
|
discrete distribution |
|
Problem
Distribution |
|
disintegration
constant (or decay constant) |
|
Radioactive
Chains |
|
distance between two points |
The distance between two points,
(x1, y1, z1) and (x2,
y2, z2), is
r = |
Parallel
Algorithms |
|
distributed processing |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
|
distribution |
|
Problem
Distribution |
|
distribution |
|
Drug Dosage |
|
divide-and-conquer algorithm |
|
Parallel
Algorithms |
| DNA
(deoxyribonucleic acid) |
A
double strand of molecules that encodes information to build RNA and
proteins. |
Genomic
Data |
| domain |
The
set of all possible values of an attribute |
Introduction
to Databases |
|
double-equal sign |
== |
Integral
Calculus |
|
drag
(or kinetic friction) |
|
Skydiving |
|
drag coefficient (or coefficient of drag) |
|
Skydiving |
|
drum |
|
Pendulum Motion |
| dynamic
programming |
A
technique to determine the similarity and the alignment(s) that yield
the highest score |
Genomic
Sequence Comparison |
|
dynamite |
Used
to remove a component from the diagram |
STELLA
Tutorial |
|
|
|
electron transport system |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
elimination |
|
Drug Dosage |
|
embarrassingly parallel algorithm |
|
Parallel
Algorithms |
|
empirical model |
Based
only on data and is used to predict, not explain, a system. An empirical model consists of a function that captures the trend of
the data. |
Empirical
Models |
| entity |
A
real-world item or concept that exists on its own |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
| entity
integrity constraint |
Requires
that no primary key value be null |
Relational
Databases |
| entity
type |
The
set of all possible values for an entity |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
| Entity-Relationship
Model (ER Model) |
A
high-level data model that is useful in developing a conceptual design
for a database |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
| environment
variables |
|
CGI
Programs and Web Forms |
|
enzyme concentration |
|
Enzyme Kinetics |
|
enzyme kinetics |
|
Enzyme Kinetics |
|
enzyme-substrate complex |
|
Enzyme Kinetics |
| enzymes |
Catalysts
for chemical reactions |
Genomic
Data |
| equijoin |
A
join where condition is a test of equality |
Relational
Databases |
|
equilibrium
solution |
A
solution where the derivative is always zero |
Constrained
Growth |
|
escapement gear |
|
Pendulum Motion |
|
Euler's
Predictor-Corrector (EPC) Method |
|
Runge
Kutta 2 |
| exception |
Another
word for errors generated in Java programs |
Java
for C++ Programmers |
| exponent |
|
|
|
Exponential Method |
|
Problem
Distribution |
| exponential
notation |
Represents
a floating point number as a decimal fraction times a power of 10 |
Error
(Without Storage Details) |
|
exposed |
|
SARS |
| external
level |
The
part of a database that has the users' views of the database |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
|
| falciparum |
Protozoan
that causes the deadliest of all the human malarias |
Modeling
Malaria |
|
feedback loop |
|
Skydiving |
| female
gametocyte |
Egg |
Modeling
Malaria |
| file
input stream |
|
Java
for C++ Programmers |
| final
state (or accepting state) |
|
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
fine granularity |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
|
finite geometric series |
|
Drug Dosage |
| finite
state machine |
(also
known as a DFA or deterministic finite automaton) |
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
First
Normal Form (1NF) |
A
type of classification of a relational database that is given when each
attribute is single-valued with atomic values |
Relational
Database Development |
|
flow |
An
activity that changes magnitude of stock |
STELLA
Tutorial |
|
Flynn Classification of Computer Architectures |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
|
foreign
key |
An
attribute or set of attributes in a relation that matches a candidate
key in a relation |
Relational
Databases |
| fractional
part (or mantissa) |
The
integer formed by dropping the decimal point from a |
Error
(Without Storage Details) |
|
free energy |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (F1,6BP) |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
fully
functional dependent |
A
way to describe an attribute (or set of attributes) in which attribute B
is functionally dependent on A but is not functionally dependent on any
proper subset of A |
Relational
Database Development |
|
functionally
dependent |
A
way to describe an attribute that for each value of A, one value of B
corresponds exactly |
Relational
Database Development |
|
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus |
see module |
Integral
Calculus |
|
|
| gaps |
Spaces
in an alignment |
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
Gaussian distribution (or Normal distribution) |
|
Problem
Distribution |
| gene |
A
contiguous section of a chromosone that encodes information to build a
protein or an RNA moleucle |
Genomic
Data |
| genetic
code |
A
correspondence between codons and amino acids |
Genomic
Data |
| genome |
A
complete set of chromosones in a cell |
Genomic
Data |
| global |
|
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
glucose |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
glycolysis |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
granularity |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
|
growth
rate (or instantaneous growth rate) |
|
Unconstrained
Growth and Decay |
| guanine
(G) |
One
of the nucleic acids of DNA |
Genomic
Data |
|
|
|
half-life |
The
period of time that it takes for the substance to decay to half of its
original amount |
Unconstrained
Growth & Decay
Drug Dosage |
|
handles |
|
STELLA
Tutorial |
| heuristics |
|
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
high performance computing |
|
Concurrent
Programming |
| homologous |
An
adjective that is used when the similarity score is high enough |
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
Hooke's Law |
Within the
elastic limit of the spring, where
F is the applied force, k is the spring constant, and s is
the displacement (distance) from the spring's equilibrium position, the
following formula holds:
F = -ks |
Modeling
Bungee Jumping |
| host |
Animal
that is infected with a parasite |
Modeling
Malaria |
|
HTML
(Hypertext Markup Language) |
The
language used to create web pages |
Creating
Web Pages |
|
HTTP
(Hypertext Transfer Protocol) |
The
mechanism for exchanging information between a Web server and a browser |
Creating
Web Pages |
| hypnozite |
In Plasmodium vivax and ovale,
sporozoite that can become dormant and later mature to reinvade other
parenchymal cells of the liver, where they continue to produce more
merozoites, causing recurring bouts with malaria |
Modeling
Malaria |
|
|
|
impulse |
The
product of the thrust and the length of time |
Rocket Motion |
|
indefinite integral |
The indefinite integral of f(t) is F(t) + C, where F'(t) = f(t) and C
is an arbitrary constant. |
Integral
Calculus |
|
independent
variable |
The
variable on which others depend |
Modeling
Process |
|
infecteds |
|
SARS |
|
initial velocities |
|
Enzyme Kinetics |
|
instantaneous
growth rate (or growth rate) |
|
Unconstrained
Growth & Decay |
|
instantaneous velocity |
(or the instantaneous rate of change of s with respect to t), at t = a is the limit of the average velocity from t = a to t = a + h as h approaches 0. |
Differential Calculus |
|
integral calculus |
|
Differential Calculus
Integral
Calculus |
| internal
level |
The
part of a database that gives the details of the physical storage of the
database on the computer |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
interpolation |
|
Empirical
Model |
| intersection |
A
relation consisting of only the tuples that appear in both relations |
Relational
Databases |
|
isolation |
|
SARS |
|
|
| join |
The
set of tuples from the Cartesian product of R and S that satisfies
condition |
Relational
Database |
|
|
| key |
An
attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identify a particular
entity |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
kinetic friction (or drag) |
|
Skydiving |
|
Krebs' Cycle |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
|
|
lactate |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
lactate fermentation |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
lattice |
|
Solidification |
|
least squares |
|
Empirical
Model |
|
left hand sum |
|
Integral
Calculus |
|
left
stop |
|
Pendulum Motion |
|
limit |
Suppose as x approaches some number c, f(x) approaches a number L. We say the limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L |
Differential Calculus |
|
limit of the reaction rate |
|
Enzyme Kinetics |
|
linear combination |
see
module |
Empirical
Models |
|
linear
congruential method |
A
technique presented by D. J. Lehmer that generates random numbers |
Monte
Carlo Simulation |
|
linear damping |
|
Pendulum Motion |
|
linear
least squares (or linear regression) |
|
Empirical
Models |
|
linear
regression (or linear least squares) |
|
Empirical
Models |
|
linear speedup |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
| local
alignment |
|
Searching
Genomic Databases |
| locally
maximal segment pair |
A
segment from the query sequence and a seqment from a database sequence
with a score that cannot become larger through shrinking or expanding
the segments |
Searching
Genomic Databases |
| locus |
|
Genomic
Data |
|
logical operator |
A symbol
that we use to combine or negate expressions that are true or false.
In STELLA, they are NOT, AND, and
OR.
|
STELLA Tutorial 2 |
| logistic
equations |
for population P, growth rate r, and carrying
capacity M; can model such constrained growth
|
Modeling
Malaria
Constrained
Growth |
|
|
|
magnitude |
|
Error
w/o Storage Details |
|
magnitude of gravitational force between two bodies |
The magnitude of gravitational force between two
bodies with masses mi and m2 at a
distance r apart is
F =  where G = 6.67´10-11m3kg-1s-2
is Newton's gravitational constant |
Parallel
Algorithms |
| male
gametocyte |
Sperm |
Modeling
Malaria |
| mantissa
(or fractional part) |
The
integer formed by dropping the decimal point from a |
Error
(Without Storage Details) |
| many-to-one
relationship (N:1) |
A
relationship in which an entity form T can be related to several
entities from S |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
markup
tags |
Tags
which begin with "<" and end with ">" to
indicate formats, links, and other HTML instructions |
Creating
Web Pages |
|
master |
|
Parallel
Algorithms |
| Mathematica |
A
powerful computer algebra system that can plot graphs and perform a
large variety of calculations with symbols as well as numbers |
Mathematica
Introduction |
| Mathematica
notebook |
An
interactive book with text and the capability of performing calculations |
Mathematic
Introduction |
|
mathematical
modeling |
The
application of methods to analyze complex, real-world problems in order
to make predictions about what might happen with various actions |
Monte
Carlo Simulation |
|
Maximum Therapeutic Concentration |
|
Drug Dosage |
| messenger
RNA (mRNA) |
|
Genomic
Data |
| merozoite |
Invasive
cell produced asexually by sporozites |
Modeling
Malaria |
|
message-passing multiprocessor |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
|
metabolism |
|
Drug Dosage |
|
Michaelis-Menten constant |
|
Enzyme Kinetics |
|
Michaelis-Menten equation |
|
Enzyme Kinetics |
|
microstructures |
|
Solidification |
| MIME
(Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension) |
Encodes
standard output files |
CGI
Programs and Web Forms |
|
Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC) |
|
Drug Dosage |
|
Minimum Toxic Concentration (MTC) |
|
Drug Dosage |
|
modeling |
The
application of methods to analyze complex, real-world problems in order
to make predictions about what might happen with various actions |
Modeling
Process |
|
monosaccharides |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
Monte Carlo simulation |
A
probabilistic model involving an element of chance |
Monte Carlo
Simulation |
|
multi-compartment model |
|
Drug Dosage |
| multi-valued
attribute |
An
entity attribute that has more than one value for a particular entry |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
multiprocessor |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
|
|
|
NAD+ |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
| name-value
pairs |
|
CGI
Programs and Web Forms |
| natural
join |
|
Relational
Databases |
|
Newton
(N) |
A
measure of force, and 1 N = 1 kg m / sec2 |
Skydiving |
|
Newton's Gravitational Constant |
G = 6.67´10-11m3kg-1s-2 |
Parallel
Algorithms |
|
Newton's Second Law |
A force, F, acting on
a body of mass, m, gives the body acceleration, a,
according to the following formula: F = ma
|
Skydiving |
|
Newtonian friction |
|
Skydiving |
|
next
state function (or transition function) |
Returns
the next state based on the present state and input |
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
Normal Distribution (or Gaussian Distribution) |
|
Problem
Distribution |
|
normalization |
A
process of adjusting relations to have several desirable characteristics |
Relational
Database Development |
|
nucleic
acids (or bases) |
|
Genomic
Data |
| nucleotide |
Consists
of a base and associated sugar and phosphate |
Genomic
Data |
| null |
The
special attribute value that indicates an unknown or missing value |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
numeric integration |
|
Integral
Calculus |
|
|
|
octtree |
|
Parallel
Algorithms |
| one's
complement |
The
number with each bit complemented |
Error:
Integer Arithmetic |
|
one-compartment model |
|
Drug Dosage |
|
one-term
model |
|
Empirical
Model |
| one-to-many
relationship (1:N) |
A
relationship in which an entity from S can be related to several
entities from T, and an entity from T can be related to several entities
from S |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
| one-to-one
relationship (1:1) |
A
relationship in which an entity from S is related to at moset one entity
from T and vice versa |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
| oocyst |
Fertilized
egg |
Modeling
Malaria |
| overflow |
An
error condition that occurs when there are not enough bits to express a
value |
Error:
Integer Arithmetic |
|
oxidation |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
oxidative phosphorylation |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
|
| package |
A
Mathematica file consisting primarily of definitions that we can load
into our system to create additional functionality |
Mathematical
Tutorial 2 |
|
parallel processing |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
| pass
by reference |
A
technique in which the reference is copied into the corresponding
parameter |
Java
for C++ Programmers |
| pass
by value |
A
method of passing information to a function whereby the parameter
receives a copy of the value of the argument |
Java
for C++ Programmers |
| pathogen |
Something
that causes a disease |
Modeling
Malaria |
| peptide
bonds |
|
Genomic
Data |
| periodic
boundary conditions |
|
Spreading
of Fire and Disease |
|
pharmacokinetics |
|
Drug Dosage |
|
plasma |
|
Drug Dosage |
| Plasmodium |
Protozoan that causes malaria |
Modeling
Malaria |
| Plasmodium
falciparum |
Protozoan that causes the deadliest
of all the human malarias; in this form of malaria the patient does not
suffer relapses |
Modeling
Malaria |
| Plasmodium
ovale |
Protozoan that causes a malaria in
which there can be relapses |
Modeling
Malaria |
| Plasmodium
vivax |
Protozoan that causes a malaria in
which there can be relapses |
Modeling
Malaria |
| Point Accepted
Mutations (PAM or PAM 1) |
The
length of time for 1% of the amino acids to mutate |
Searching
Genomic Databases |
| Polymerase
Chain Reaction (PCR) |
A
method used by scientists to make copies of particular pieces of DNA |
Random
Walk |
| precision |
The
number of significant digits in a number |
Error:
Floating Point Numbers |
|
predicator
variable |
|
Empirical
Models |
| prefixes |
Subsequences
from the start of the sequences |
Genomic
Sequence Comparison |
| primary
structure |
The
linear sequence of residues |
Genomic
Data |
|
prime notation |
|
Differential Calculus |
|
probabilistic
behavior (or stochastic behavior) |
A
system in which we are modeling exhibits this type of behavior if an
element of chance exists and there are random effects |
Modeling
Process |
|
probability function (or probability density function) |
|
Problem
Distributions |
|
process |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
|
processor (or central processing unit) |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
| proportional |
u is proportional to v,
written u a v, if there is a
constant c such that u = cv |
Modeling
Malaria |
| protein
synthesis |
The
process of going from DNA to building proteins |
Genomic
Data |
| proteins |
The
basic building blocks of life |
Genomic
Data |
|
pseudorandom
numbers |
A
sequence of numbers that an algorithm produces but which appears to be
randomly generated |
Monte
Carlo Simulation |
|
pyruvates |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
|
|
quarantine |
|
SARS |
| quaternary
structure |
|
Genomic
Data |
| query
language |
Accesses
and updates data in the database (als known as data manipulation
language or DML) |
Introduction
to Databases |
| query
sequence |
|
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
|
|
random
numbers |
A
sequence of numbers that an algorithm produces but which appears to be
randomly generated |
Monte
Carlo Simulation |
| random
walk |
Refers
to the apparently random movement of an entity |
Random
Walk |
| rate
of change |
Derivative |
Modeling
Malaria |
|
rate
of change of the population |
|
Unconstrained
Growth & Decay |
|
ratio of computation to communication |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
|
reaction rates |
|
Enzyme Kinetics |
| recognizer |
A
machine that detects when an input sequence belongs to a particular set |
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
recovereds |
|
SARS |
| recursive
relationship |
A
relationship in which the same entity participates more than once in the
relationship |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
| redundant
data |
The
data that is duplicated between files |
Introduction
to Databases |
| referential
integrity constraint |
States
that if relation B has a foreign key k from relation A, then each value
of k in B (other than null) must appear as a value for the corresponding
candidate key in some tuple of A |
Relational
Databases |
|
Reimann sum |
|
Integral
Calculus |
|
Rejection Method |
|
Problem
Distribution |
| relation
(from Introduction to Databases module) |
A
two-dimensional table of data |
Introduction
to Databases |
| relation
(from Relational Databases module) |
A
subset of the Cartesian product of sets; it has some, but not
necessarily all, elements in the Cartesian product |
Relational
Databases |
| relation
schema |
A
list of attributes with their corresponding domains |
Relational
Databases |
|
relational
database lifecycle |
The
process of developing a relational database system |
Relational
Database Development |
| relational
database model |
Based
on mathematical principles: relations, attributes, domains, and tuples |
Introduction
to Databases |
|
relational operator |
a
symbol that we use to test the relationship between two expressions.
In STELLA, they are == (equal to), > (greater than), < (less than), != (not
equal to), >= (greater than or equal to), and <= (less than or equal to) |
STELLA Tutorial 2 |
| relationship
(or relationship instance) |
An
ordered pair consisting of particular related entities |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
| relationship
instance (or relationship) |
An
ordered pair consisting of particular related entities |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
| relationship
type |
A
set of associations among entity types |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
| relative
error |
The
absolute error divided by the exact answer |
Error:
Round-Off Error in Loops |
|
reproductive number |
The
expected number of secondary infectious cases resulting from an average
infectious case once the epidemic is in progress |
SARS |
| residues |
|
Genomic
Data |
|
respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) |
|
SARS |
|
response
variable |
|
Empirical
Model |
| reverse
complementation |
|
Genomic
Data |
|
right hand sum |
|
Integral
Calculus |
|
right stop |
|
Pendulum Motion |
| RNA
(ribonucleic acid) |
A
single strand of molecules that includes bases A, C, G, and uracil (U)
instead of T |
Genomic
Data |
| role
name |
Indicates
the purpose of an entity in a relationship |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
root |
|
Parallel
Algorithms |
|
round-off error |
|
Error
(w/o Storage Details) |
|
Runge-Kutta
2 |
|
Runge
Kutta 2 |
|
|
|
SARS |
|
SARS |
|
scalability |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
| schema |
A
description of the overall database structure |
Introduction
to Databases |
| score |
|
Genomic
Sequence Comparison |
|
Second
Normal Form (2NF) |
A
type of classification given to a relational database when it is in 1NF
and each attribute that is not a primary key is fully functionally
dependent on the entity's primary key |
Relational
Database Development |
| secondary
structure |
Local
sequence folds that are caused by interactions between atoms |
Genomic
Data |
|
secular
equilibrium |
When
two amounts are almost constant |
Radioactive
Chains |
| seed |
The
high scoring word match |
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
seed(2) |
The
intial value in the sequence for random numbers |
Monte
Carlo Simulation |
|
SEIR Model |
|
SARS |
| selection
operation |
Returns
a subset of the tuples from the relation that satisfies the selection
condition |
Relational
Databases |
| selective |
|
Searching
Genomic Databases |
| self-documenting |
An
adjective that describes an identifier when the name is descriptive of
the item's role |
Structured
Query Language |
| sensitivity |
|
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
sequential processing |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
| sequencing |
The
process of finding the base-pair sequence of a section of DNA. |
Genomic
Data |
|
serum |
|
Drug Dosage |
| set
of input symbols |
The
set of one-letter symbols for the amino acids |
Searching
Genomic Databases |
| set
of states |
|
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
shared memory multiprocessor |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
| signed-magnitude
technique |
Expresses
the number in binary in a fixed number of bits; and the most significant
(leftmost) bit indicates the sign, 0 for positive and 1 for negative |
Error:
Integer Arithmetic |
|
significant digit |
|
Error Without Storage |
| similarity |
The
maximum total score of all alignments |
Genomic
Sequence Comparison |
| simple
attribute |
One
component that has an independent existence |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
simple harmonic oscillator |
Satisfies the following conditions:
1. The system oscillates around an equilibrium position
2. The equilibrium position is the point at which no net force exists.
3. The restoring force is proportional to the displacement.
4. The restoring force is in the opposite direction of the displacement.
5. The motion is periodic.
|
Modeling Bungee Jumping |
|
simple pendulum |
|
Pendulum Motion |
|
simulation |
A
probabalistic model involving an element of chance |
Monte
Carlo Simulation |
| single-valued
attribute |
An
entity attribute that holds exactly one value |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
SIR
Model |
|
SARS |
|
slaves |
|
Parallel
Algorithms |
|
snow crystals |
|
Solidification |
|
solidification |
|
Solidification |
|
specific impulse |
Impulse
per pound of burned fuel, or the quotient of impulse and the change in
the fuel's weight |
Rocket Motion |
|
speed |
|
Skydiving |
|
speedup factor |
|
Concurrent
Processing |
| sporozoites |
Thread-shaped, infectious agents
that a Plasmodium-infected female mosquito injects into a human
while sipping blood; they invade the liver |
Modeling
Malaria |
|
stable |
An
adjective to describe an equation in which there is an interval (a,b)
containing q |
Constrained
Growth |
|
standard
deviation |
|
Monte
Carlo Simulation |
| STELLA |
Systems
modeling tool |
Modeling
Malaria |
|
stochastic
behavior (or probabilistic behavior) |
A
system in which we are modeling exhibits this type of behavior if an
element of chance exists and there are random effects |
Modeling
Process |
|
stock |
A
noun that represents something that accumulates |
STELLA
Tutorial |
|
Stokes' friction |
|
Skydiving |
| string
literal |
A
character string constant |
From
C++ to C |
| strong |
An
adjective that describes an entity type whose existence does not depend
on some other entity type |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
SQL
(Structured Query Language) |
The
English-like interface to relational databases |
Accessing
Databases with SQL, Structured Query Language |
| subschema |
Holds
the definition of part of the data described in the schema |
Introduction
to Databases |
|
substrate |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
|
substrate concentration |
|
Enzyme Kinetics |
|
substrate-level phosphorylation |
|
Carbohydrate Metabolism |
| superkey |
An
attribute or set of attributes that uniquely identify a particular tuple
in a relation |
Relational
Databases |
|
susceptibles |
|
SARS |
|
|
|
terminal speed |
|
Skydiving |
| tertiary
structure |
|
Genomic
Data |
|
therapeutic range |
|
Drug Dosage |
|
Third
Normal Form (3NF) |
A
type of classification given to a relational database when it is in 2NF
and no non-primary key attributes are functionally dependent on another
non-primary key |
Relational
Database Development |
|
thrust |
A
mechanical force caused by the acceleration of a mass of gas in the
opposite direction. |
Rocket Motion |
| thymine
(T) |
One
of the nucleic acids of DNA |
Genomic
Data |
| transcription |
A
process in which an exact copy of the gene with U replacing T is made on
a messenger RNA (mRNA) molecule |
Genomic
Data |
| transition
diagram |
|
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
transition
function (or next state function) |
Returns
the next state based on the present state and input |
Searching
Genomic Databases |
|
transmission constant |
|
SARS |
|
transpose |
A
new matrix with rows and columns exchanged from the original matrix |
Empirical
Model |
|
traverse |
|
Parallel
Algorithms |
| truncate |
To
make shorter or chop off |
Structured
Query Language |
| truncation
error |
The
problem of not having enough bits to store the entire floating point
number |
Error:
Floating Point Numbers |
|
truth table |
|
Stella Tutorial 2 |
| tuple |
Corresponds
to a row in a relation |
Introduction
to Databases |
|
two-compartment model |
|
Drug Dosage |
|
two's complement notation |
|
Error(Integer Arithmetic) |
|
|
| unconstrained
growth |
Growth in a population with no
carrying capacity |
Modeling
Malaria |
|
uniform distribution |
|
Problem
Distribution |
| union |
A
relation consisting of all the tuples from the relations with duplicates
omitted |
Relational
Databases |
| union
compatible |
An
adjective for two relations that have the same degree n and
corresponding attributes have the same domain |
Relational
Databases |
|
unstable |
An
adjective to describe an equation in which no interval exists |
Constrained
Growth |
|
update
anomaly |
A
problem with inserting, deleting, or updating a database because of
structure of the relations |
Relational
Database Development |
| uracil
(U) |
|
Genomic
Data |
|
URL
(Uniform Resource Locator) |
The
address of a page |
Creating
Web Pages |
|
|
|
vector |
an
ordered n-tuple
of numbers, v = (v1, v2, ...,
vn) |
Parallel
Algorithms |
| vector |
An animal that transmits a pathogen
to another animal |
Modeling
Malaria |
| virtual
machine |
|
Java
for C++ Programmers |
|
|
| weak |
An
adjective that describes an entity type whose existence does depend on
some other entity type |
Entity-Relationship
Model |
|
weight |
|
Skydiving |
|
words |
|
Searching
Genomic Databases |
| wrapper
class |
|
Java
for C++ Programmers |
|
|
| |
There are
currently no words that fall under this category. |
|
|
|
| |
There
are currently no words that fall under this category. |
|
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There
are currently no words that fall under this category. |
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